The Internet Organised Crime Threat Assessment (iOCTA) 2014

Footnotes

[1] The European Multidisciplinary Platform Against Criminal Threats (EMPACT), is a structured multidisciplinary co-operation platform of the relevant Member States, EU Institutions and Agencies, as well as third countries and organisations (public and private) to address prioritised threats of serious international and organised crime.
[2] i.e. crimes which would not exists without the advent of the internet.
[3] i.e. crimes for which the scope and impact are enhanced by the internet but do not require it to operate
[4] The percentage of the population that are internet users
[5] Internet World Stats
[6] Internet World Stats
[7] International Communication Union - Statistics
[8] McAfee July 2013 - The Economic Impact of Cybercrime and Cyber Espionage
[9] Rand Corporation 2014 - Markets for Cybercrime Tools ad Stolen Data
[10] The portion of the internet not indexed by search engines
[11] Peer-to-peer networks within the Deep Web operating using technologies such as TOR and I2P
[12] Deep dot Web
[13] Deep dot Web
[14] Industry of Anonymity
[15] The European Parliament, The Economic, Financial and Social Impacts of Organised Crime in the EU
[16] Cyber Infrastructure Protection, Vol. II, pg. 15
[17] Trend Micro – Russian Underground 101
[18] Verizon 2014 DBIR
[19] Trend Micro – Russian Underground 101
[20] Sophos 2013 Security Threat Report
[21] Panda Labs 2013 Q1 Report
[22] F-Secure 2013 H1 Threat Report
[23] Trustwave Spam Statistics
[24] Panda Labs 2013 Q1 Quarterly Report
[25] PC CYBORG (AIDS) trojan horse
[26] Cisco 2014 Annual Security Report
[27] McAfee 2013 Q1 Threat Report
[28] McAfee 2013 Q2 Quarterly Threat Report
[29] TrendLabs Q2 2013 Security Roundup
[30] http://news.softpedia.com/news/iPhone-5s-Equals-2010-Mac-mini-in-Processing-Power-Test-Reveals-385365.shtml
[31] Android Malware goes "To The Moon!"
[32] http://www.welivesurity.com/2014/06/04/simplocker
[33] Symantec 2013 ZeroAccess In Depth
[34] Net Market Share
[35] Security in 2014: What are the experts predicting?
[36] BBC News – Internet of Things: The ‘ghosts’ that haunt the machine
[37] Microsoft Protection Centre – Ransomware
[38] http://blog.malwarebytes.org/intelligence/2013/02/sandobox-sensitivity/
[39] Krebs on Security
[40] Edgis Security
[41] TrendLabs Q2 2013 Security Roundup
[42] Panda Labs Quarterly Report January-March 2014
[43] CEOP – Threat assessment of child exploitation and abuse
[44] IWF – Annual report 2013
[45] INHOPE 2013, Facts, Figures & Trends
[46] UNODC - Study on the effects of new information technologies on the abuse and exploitation of children
[47] FBI Cyber Alerts for Parents & Kids – Sextortion
[48] Ringrose, J.; Gill, R.;, Livingstone, S. and Harvery, L. “Children Young People and sexting: Data analysis – A report prepared for the NSPCC”
[49] Crofts, Thomas and Lee, Murray, (2013). “‘Sexting’, Children and Child Pornography”, Sidney Law Review
[50] Information Geographies - “The Anonymous Internet”
[51] Exchangeable image file format (EXIF)
[52] CEOP: The Hidden Internet: Enabling Child Sexual Exploitation and Abuse
[53] CEOP: The Hidden Internet: Enabling Child Sexual Exploitation and Abuse
[54] CEOP: The Hidden Internet: Enabling Child Sexual Exploitation and Abuse
[55] IWF – Preliminary Analysis of New Commercial CSAM Website Accepting Payment by Bitcoin.
[56] European Financial Coalition – Strategic Assessment of Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children Online
[57] Hosting services that by their nature or geographical location are largely immune to takedown requests by LE and which will knowingly host dubious content.
[58] C.Laorden et al. (2013) – Negobot: A Controversial Agent Based on Game Theory for Detection of Paedophile Behaviour
[59] European Central Bank (ECB): Press Release on September 10, 2013
[60] ECB: Press Release on February 25, 2014
[61] SEPA is an EU initiative to harmonise payments in euro the objective of which is to increase security and speed of financial transfers. As of April 2014, SEPA consists of all 28 EU
[62] ECB: Third Report on Card Fraud, 2014
[63] LexisNexis – True Cost of Fraud, 2013
[64] Special Eurobarometer 404 on Cybersecurity, 2013
[65] ECB: Third Report on Card Fraud, 2014
[66] ECB: Third Report on Card Fraud, 2014
[67] World Payments Report, 2013
[68] MasterCard Academy of Risk Management: Understanding Terminal Manipulation at the PoS
[69] VISA Data Security Alert, August 2013
[70] EC3 Cyberbits – Airline Action Day, 2013
[71] Visa Airline Fraud Guide, 2014
[72] ECB: Press Release on April 29, 2014
[73] EMVCo – worldwide EMV deployment statistics as of Q4 2013
[74] EMVCo – worldwide EMV deployment statistics as of Q4 2013
[75] Ogone: 3D Secure landscape in Europe
[76] TSYS: EMV is Not Enough: Considerations for Implementing 3D Secure, 2013
[77] ECB: Third Report on Card Fraud, 2014
[78] VISA, US Merchant EMV Acceptance Readiness Guide, Mastercard EMV for US Acquirers: Seven Guiding Principles for EMV Readiness, 2012
[79] EC Regulation No 1889/2005 on controls of cash entering or leaving the community
[80] www.bvwinparty.com: The online gaming market
[81] Input from Advisory Group on Financial Services, 2014
[82] Process used by businesses to verify the identity of their clients
[83] e.g. Bitcoin fog
[84] e.g. Satoshi dice
[85] McAfee 2014, Jackpot! Money Laundering Through Online Gambling
[86] ABA Bank Compliance, 2014
[87] The RSA Blog and Podcast - Mo Money Mo Problems 13/02/2014
[88] Bitcoin rich list
[89] The FATF Recommendations, 2013
[90] Mitnick, K: "CSEPS Course Workbook", 2004
[91] Mt. Gox was a Bitcoin exchange based in Tokyo, Japan
[92] F-Secure: Threat Report, 2013
[93] Trend Micro Global Spam Map, 2014
[94] Microsoft Security Intelligence Report, volume 16, 2014
[95] Messaging Anti-Abuse Working Group, 2011
[96] Microsoft Survey, 2011
[97] Malwarebytes research, 2014
[98] Symantec: Internet Security Threat Report, Volume 19, 2014
[99] Symantec: Internet Security Threat Report, Volume 19, 2014
[100] US Senate, Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation: A Review of the Data Broker Industry: Collection, Use and Sale of Consumer Data for Marketing Purposes, 2013
[101] Arfi, N., Agarwal, S., Knowledge of Cybercrime among Elderly, 2013
[102] Verizon Data Breach Investigations Report, 2013
[103] APWG, Phishing Activity Trends Report 4 [th] Quarter 2013, 2014
[104] Ipsos MORI, A survey of public attitudes to internet security, 2013
[105] Smith, Russel G., Grabosky, Peter, Urbas, Gregor, Cyber criminals on trial, 2011
[106] The National Physical Laboratory, A study of Whois Privacy and Proxy Service Abuse, 2014
[107] APWG, Unifying the Global Response to Cybercrime, 2014
[108] Turing Test success marks milestone in computing history, 2014
[109] Trend Micro: Africa – A new Safe Harbor for Criminals?, 2013
[110] Symantec: Internet Security Threat Report, 2013
[111] eCrime Reduction Partnership Mapping Study, Levi, M. and Williams, M.
[112] Verizon 2014 Data Breach Investigations Report
[113] Verizon 2014 Data Breach Investigations Report
[114] Verizon 2014 Data Breach Investigations Report
[115] Ponemon Institute, 2014 Cost of Data Breach Study: Global Analysis
[116] Ponemon Institute, 2014 Cost of Data Breach Study: Global Analysis
[117] eBay asks 145 million users to change passwords after cyber attack
[118] Trends: Beyond the Breach, Mandiant 2014 Threat Report
[119] Trends: Beyond the Breach, Mandiant 2014 Threat Report
[120] Verizon 2014 Data Breach Investigations Report
[121] Verizon 2014 Data Breach Investigations Report
[122] Verizon 2014 Data Breach Investigations Report
[123] Symantec Targeted Attacks Against the Energy Sector
[124] Verizon 2014 Data Breach Investigations Report
[125] http://blog.trendmicro.com/fbi-details-major-trends-cyber-attacks-smbs/
[126] FTC - Data Brokers, a call for transparency and accountability
[127] Directive on the identification and designation of European Critical Infrastructure and the assessment of the need to improve their protection (2008/114/EC)
[128] Communication from the Commission on a Programme for Critical Infrastructure Protection
[129] Journal of Energy Security - Critical Energy Infrastructure Protection: The Case of the Trans-ASEAN Energy Network
[130] Trend Micro – Blurring Boundaries, Trend Micro Security Predictions for 2014 and beyond
[131] Reuters - All at sea: global shipping fleet exposed to hacking threat, April 2014
[132] Threat update – cyber-crime – Jan-May 2014
[133] Trend Micro – Threat Encyclopaedia: Stuxnet Malware targeting SCADA Systems
[134] Trend Micro – Cybercrime hits the unexpected. Bitcoin – and PoS-System-Related Attacks Trouble Users
[135] Tripwire – the state of security - Attacks Shift from Data Breaches to Targeting of Critical Infrastructure
[136] Krebs on Security - FBI: Updates Over Public ‘Net Access = Bad Idea
[137] Ars Technica Attackers poison legitimate apps to infect sensitive industrial control systems
[138] F Secure
[139] ENISA - Protecting Industrial Control Systems - Recommendations for Europe and Member
[140] Interpol - FBI-INTERPOL symposium to enhance global preparedness in securing critical infrastructure
[141] EUCTF letter to the Council of the European Union, dated 24 April 2014
[142] Threat Post – SCAD, ICS Bug
[143] Dark Reading - SCADA Researcher Drops Zero-Day, ICS-CERT Issues Advisory
[144] Threat Post – Shodan Search Engine Project
[145] ENISA – Critical Cloud Computing
[146] ENISA – Public Private Partnerships
[147] Media Bistro – All Twitter
[148] Media Bistro – All Twitter
[149] Media Bistro – All Twitter
[150] eMarketer – Social Networking reaches almost one in four around the world
[151] Sophos – Social Networking Security Threats
[152] Microsoft Security Intelligence Report Vol 13, H1 2012
[153] Lexis Nexis – Social Media Use in Law Enforcement Investigations
[154] The Register - Apple: We'll tell users when the Feds come looking for their data
[155] Symantec Internet Security Threat Report 2013
[156] The portion of the internet not indexed by traditional search engines.
[157] https://blog.gdatasoftware.com/blog/article/botnet-command-server-hidden-in-tor.html
[158] The practice of temporarily registering a domain under ICANN.
[159] S. Convey and D. Miller (2004), IPv6 and IPv4 Threat Comparison and Best-Practice Evaluation (v1.0), Cisco
[160] Mayer-Schönberger, V. and Cukier, K., (2013), “Big Data: A Revolution That Will Transform How We Live, Work, and Think”, John Murray
[161] http://books.google.nl/googlebooks/about/
[162] Quantified Self – self knowledge through numbers
[163] Wall Street Journal – Visa uses Big Data to combat cybercrime
[164] The Globe and Mail - Security
[165] Perry, W.; McInnis, B.; Price, C.; Smith, S. and Hollywood, J.; (2013) “Predictive Policing, the Role of forecasting in Law Enforcement Operations”. Rand Corporation
[166] HMIC - Policing in austerity: rising to the challenging compendium
[167] Gov Lab – New Methods of Making Sense of Human Behaviour
[168] Cisco – Internet of Everything
[169] Gartner and ABI Research
[170] Eletronic Design - The Internet Of Things Is A Standards Thing
[171] Lawfare - Heartbleed as Metaphor
[172] ZD Net - Conficker: Still spamming after all these years
[173] Computer World - 'The Moon' worm infects Linksys routers
[174] Heartbleed
[175] The Hacker news - Disqus Wordpress Plugin Flaw Leaves Millions of Blogs Vulnerable to Hackers
[176] BBC News – “The Internet of Things: the ‘ghosts’ that haunt the machine”
[177] The Register - SmartTV, dumb vuln: Philips hard-codes Miracast passwords, Value Walk - Tesla's door-locking security depends on a six-character password which is vulnerable to hacking and Trend Micro – Securing the Internet of Everything
[178] Trend Micro - Threat Intelligence Resources - The Internet of Everything
[179] Internet of Things research
[180] Gizmodo – how to hack a car and The Guardian – Internet of Things Security Dangers
[181] IOActive - IOActive Lights Up Vulnerabilities for Over Half a Million Belkin WeMo Users
[182] Trend Micro - Stuxnet Malware Targeting SCADA Systems
[183] Trend Micro – Blurring Boundaries, Trend Micro Security Predictions for 2014 and beyond and Reuters – All at sea: global shipping fleet exposed to hacking threat
[184] Threat update – cyber-crime – Jan-May 2014
[185] Trend Micro – Is the Internet of Everything under attack?
[186] Contribution to the iOCTA 2014: J. Smith, Leiden University
[187] Wired – Google glass snoopers can steal your password with a glance
[188] Internet Identity - IID finds murder by Internet, NFC exploits emerge as genuine cybersecurity threats in 2013
[189] Security Affairs - PlugX RAT with Time Bomb abuses Dropbox in targeted attacks
[190] Trend Micro – Securing the Internet of Everything
[191] Mcaffee – The hidden truth behind shadow IT
[192] Trend Micro – Cybercriminals continue to migrate to the cloud
[193] Wired - How Hackers Hid a Money-Mining Botnet in the Clouds of Amazon and Others
[194] Cloud Security Alliance – the Notorious Nine Cloud Computing Top threats in 2013
[195] ENISA – Security and Resilience in governmental clouds
[196] NIST - Digital Crime-Fighters Face Technical Challenges with Cloud Computing
[197] Trend Micro - Cloud security best practices: Benefits of cloud encryption
[198] NIST
[199] ENISA – Critical Cloud Computing
[200] Council of Europe – Action Against Economic Crime
[201] UN Statistics
[202] Trend Micro – Africa, new safe harbour for criminals
[203] TrendLabs 3Q 2013 Security Roundup
[204] Microsoft SIR v16
[205] Quartz – Africa has more mobile subscribers than the US and EU
[206] TrendLabs 3Q 2013 Security Roundup
[207] EUCTF Workshop 09/04/2014
[208] TrendLabs 3Q 2013 Security Roundup
[209] Kaspersky Security Bulletin 2013
[210] F-Secure Threat Report H1 2013
[211] McAfee Labs Threats Report: First Quarter 2014
[212] McAfee Labs Threats Report: Third Quarter 2013
[213] TrendLabs 2013 Annual Security Roundup
[214] TrendLabs 2013 Annual Security Roundup
[215] Microsoft SIR v16
[216] Microsoft SIR v16
[217] TrendLabs 3Q 2013 Security Roundup
[218] TrendLabs 2013 Annual Security Roundup
[219] TrendLabs 3Q 2013 Security Roundup
[220] McAfee Labs Threats Report: Third Quarter 2013
[221] TrendLabs 2013 Annual Security Roundup
[222] TrendLabs 3Q 2013 Security Roundup
[223] EUCTF Workshop 09/04/2014
[224] TrendLabs 2013 Annual Security Roundup
[225] McAfee Labs Threats Report: First Quarter 2014
[226] TrendLabs 2013 Annual Security Roundup
[227] Microsoft SIR v16
[228] TrendLabs 2013 Annual Security Roundup
[229] Sophos Security Threat Report 2013
[230] TrendLabs 2013 Annual Security Roundup
[231] McAfee Labs Threats Report: Third Quarter 2013
[232] TrendLabs 3Q 2013 Security Roundup
[233] TrendLabs 3Q 2013 Security Roundup
[234] Microsoft SIR v16
[235] http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm
[236] F-Secure Threat Report H1 2013
[237] TrendLabs 3Q 2013 Security Roundup
[238] Kaspersky Security Bulletin 2013
[239] McAfee Labs Threats Report: Third Quarter 2013
[240] TrendLabs 2013 Annual Security Roundup
[241] McAfee Labs Threats Report: First Quarter 2014
[242] TrendLabs 2013 Annual Security Roundup
[243] Kaspersky Security Bulletin 2013
[244] F-Secure Threat Report H1 2013
[245] Microsoft SIR v16
[246] McAfee Labs Threats Report: Third Quarter 2013
[247] TrendLabs 2013 Annual Security Roundup
[248] TrendLabs 3Q 2013 Security Roundup
[249] TrendLabs 2013 Annual Security Roundup
[250] TrendLabs 2013 Annual Security Roundup
[251] MS contribution to the iOCTA 2014
[252] Interview with MS on CSE
[253] Recommendation No. R (89) 9, adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 13 September 1989 at the 428th Meeting of the Ministers Deputies.
[254] Recommendation No. R (95) 13, adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 11 September 1995 at the 543rd Meeting of the Ministers Deputies.
[255] Convention on Cybercrime, Council of Europe, ETS 185.
[256] Southern African Development Community.
[257] SADC Computer Crime and Cybercrime.
[258] Directive 2013/40/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 August 2013 on attacks against information systems and replacing Council Framework Deciion 2005/222/JHA.
[259] Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Ecomonic and Social Committee and the Committee of the regions – Delivering an area of freedom, security and justice for Euope’s citizens, Action Plan Implementing the Stockholm Programme, COM 2010, 171.
[260] Cybercrime/e-Crimes Model Legislative Text, developed under the EU co-funded project HIPCAR (Harmonization of ICT Policies, Legislation and Regulatory Procedures in the Caribbean.
[261] Salvador Declaration on Comprehensive Strategies for Global Challenges: Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Systems and Their Development in a Changing World.
[262] UNODC Comprehensive Study on Cybercrime, 2013.
[263] Directive 2011/92/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2011 on combating the se xual abuse and sexual exploitation of children and child pornography, and replacing Council Framework Decision 2004/68/JHA
[264] Directive C/DIR. 1/08/11 on Fighting Cyber Crime Within ECOWAS.
[265] Organization of Eastern Caribbean States
[266] Electronic Crimes Bill, Fourth Draft, 2011.
[267] Yan, Z. (Ed.). (2012). Encyclopedia of Cyber Behavior. IGI Global. doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-0315-8
[268] Yan, ibid.
[269] Suler, J. (2013). Cyberpsychology as Interdisciplinary, Applied, and Experiential . RCSI CyberPsychology Research Centre. Retrieved June 26, 2014
[270] Berry, M., & Aiken, M. (2014). In Search of Annie: A Study of Viewers’ Feedback to the Crime Documentaries Highlighting Famous Irish Murder and Missing Persons. Universal Journal of Psychology, 2 (1), 41–46.
[271] Belfast 2014: 4th World Cyber Security Technology Research Summit. (2014). In Centre for Secure Information Technologies, Queens University Belfast , p. 8.
[272] Suler, J. (2004). The online disinhibition effect. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 7 (3), 321–326. doi:10.1089/1094931041291295
[273] Aiken, cited in Belfast, 2014, ibid.
[274] ibid.
[275] Gilbert, Ben. (2014) What you need to know about Aereo's battle with broadcast television
[276] American Broadcasting Cos., Inc., et al. v. Aereo, I. (2014). Supreme Court of the United States , 13-461
[277] Dent, S. (2014), What you need to know about Uber, Lyft and other app-based car services
[278] Fleisher, L. (2014), Thousands of European Cab Drivers Protest Uber, Taxi Apps
[279] Zetter, K. (2013), How the Feds Took Down the Silk Road Drug Wonderland
[280] ibid.
[281] Kirwan, G., & Power, A. (2012). The Psychology of Cyber Crime: Concepts and Principles (p. 277). Information Science Reference, p. xvii
[282] Europol. (2011). Internet Facilitated Organised Crime Threat Assessment (abridged) (pp. 1–11). The Hague.
[283] Belfast, ibid, p. 8.
[284] Rogers, M. K., Seigfried, K., & Tidke, K. (2006). Self-reported computer criminal behavior: A psychological analysis. Digital Investigation, 3, 116–120. doi:10.1016/j.diin.2006.06.002, p. S119
[285] Walther, J. B. (2009). Theories, Boundaries, and All of the Above. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 14 (3), 748–752. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2009.01466.x
[286] Slane, A. (2007). Democracy, social space, and the internet. University of Toronto Law Journal, 57 (1), 81–105. doi:10.1353/tlj.2007.0003, p. 97
[287] Europol, ibid, p.3.
[288] Joinson, A. N. (2001). Self-disclosure in computer-mediated communication : The role of self-awareness and visual anonymity, 192 (May 1999), 177–192.
[289] Takatalo, J., Nyman, G., & Laaksonen, L. (2008). Components of human experience in virtual environments. Computers in Human Behavior, 24(1), 1–15. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2006.11.003
[290] Riva, G., Mantovani, F., Capideville, C. S., Preziosa, A., Morganti, F., Villani, D., … Alcañiz, M. (2007). Affective interactions using virtual reality: the link between presence and emotions. Cyberpsychology & Behavior : The Impact of the Internet, Multimedia and Virtual Reality on Behavior and Society, 10(1), 45–56. doi:10.1089/cpb.2006.9993
[291] Gibbs, J. L., Ellison, N. B., & Heino, R. D. (2006). Self-Presentation in Online Personals: The Role of Anticipated Future Interaction, Self-Disclosure, and Perceived Success in Internet Dating. Communication Research, 33(2), 152–177. doi:10.1177/0093650205285368
[292] Barnes, S. B. (2006). A privacy paradox: Social networking in the United States. First Monday, 11 (9), 1–11
[293] Mc Mahon, C., & Aiken, M. (2014b). Privacy as identity territoriality: Re-conceptualising behaviour in cyberspace . Dublin, Ireland.
[294] White, R. W., & Horvitz, E. (2009). Experiences with web search on medical concerns and self diagnosis . AMIA... Annual Symposium Proceedings / AMIA Symposium. AMIA Symposium, 2009, 696–700.
[295] Mottram, A. J., & Fleming, M. J. (2009). Extraversion, impulsivity, and online group membership as predictors of problematic internet use. Cyberpsychology & Behavior  : The Impact of the Internet, Multimedia and Virtual Reality on Behavior and Society, 12 (3), 319–21. doi:10.1089/cpb.2007.0170
[296] Buckels, E. E., Trapnell, P. D., & Paulhus, D. L. (2014). Trolls just want to have fun. Personality and Individual Differences. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.01.016
[297] American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing. ISBN 978-0-89042-555-8.
[298] Shinder, D. (2010). Profiling and categorizing cybercriminals
[299] 2012, ibid.
[300] Mc Mahon, C. (2013). All crime is cybercrime. An Garda Síochána Analyst Service Annual Conference. Dublin, Ireland.
[301] Britton, P. (1997). The Jigsaw Man. London: Corgi.
[302] Douglas, J., & Olshaker, M. (1999). The Anatomy of Motive. London: Simon & Schuster.
[303] Bednarz, A. (2004), Profiling cybercriminals: A promising but immature science
[304] Taylor, P. A. (2003) 'Maestros or misogynists? Gender and the social construction of hacking', in Y. Jewkes (ed.) Dot.cons: Crime, Deviance and Identity on the Internet. Cullompton, Devon (UK): Willan Publishing.
[305] Canter,D., & Youngs, D. (2009). Investigative Psychology: Offender Profiling and the Analysis of Criminal Action . Chichester: Wiley
[306] Alison, L., & Kebbell, M. (2006). Offender profiling: Limits and potential. In M. Kebbell, & G. Davies (Eds.), Practical Psychology for Forensic Investigations and Prosecutions. Chichester: Wiley.
[307] Kirwan & Power, 2012, ibid.
[308] Coleman, E. G., & Golub, a. (2008). Hacker practice: Moral genres and the cultural articulation of liberalism. Anthropological Theory, 8 (3), 255–277. doi:10.1177/1463499608093814
[309] Bednarz, A. (2004), Profiling cybercriminals: A promising but immature science
[310] Kirwan & Power, 2012, ibid.
[311] Barak, A., & Suler, J. (2008). Reflections on the psychology and social science ofcyberspace. In A. Barak (Ed.), Psychological aspects of cyberspace: Theory, research, applications, 1–12. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
[312] Mc Mahon, C., & Aiken, M. (2014a). A Primer on Research in Mediated Environments: Reflections on Cybermethodology .
[313] Shinder, D. (2010). Profiling and categorizing cybercriminals
[314] Berry, M. J., Bainbridge, S., & Aiken, M. P. (2011). Cyber stalking in 18-30 year olds in Manchester. Paper presented at the International Crime, Media & Popular Cultures Conference, Indiana State University, US. 26th - 28th September 2011.
[315] Maughan, cited in Belfast 2014, ibid., p. 6.
[316] Maughan, cited in Belfast 2014, ibid., p. 6
[317] Peachey, P., (2014). Cybercrime boss offers a Ferrari for hacker who dreams up the biggest scam
[318] Berger, J. M. (2014). How ISIS Games Twitter - J.M. Berger, The Atlantic.
[319] Olson, P. (2013). The man behind Silk Road – the internet's biggest market for illegal drugs
[320] Internet Content Governance Advisory Group Report, (2014)
[321] Belfast 2014, ibid.
[322] Europol 2011, ibid.
[323] Suler 2004, ibid.
[324] See Drewer, D. / Ellermann, J., Europol’s data protection framework as an asset in the fight against cybercrime, In: ERA Forum (2012) 13, P. 381-395 for a more comprehensive description.
[325] ECJ, (2014), Joined Cases C-293/12 and C-594/12